Welcome to R

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### Welcome to R
#

### **Miriam Lerma**<br>
April 2023

---
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# Index

- [Install or update R](#install-r)
- [What is R](#parts)
- [RStudio and identify the parts](#r-parts)
- [Data types](#data-types)
- [Errors](#errors)
- [Packages](#packages)
- [Contact](#out)

---

# Today

**Your profile**
- Interest in learning R (or other ways to use it).

**Goals of today**

- Identify the parts of RStudio
- Be able to load and download data
- Feel comfortable using R
- Hopefully we will cover all the topics

**Pauses and questions**

- There will be several pauses
- You can stop me to ask questions or
- Questions can be made [at this link too <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M432,320H400a16,16,0,0,0-16,16V448H64V128H208a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V80a16,16,0,0,0-16-16H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,112V464a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V336A16,16,0,0,0,432,320ZM488,0h-128c-21.37,0-32.05,25.91-17,41l35.73,35.73L135,320.37a24,24,0,0,0,0,34L157.67,377a24,24,0,0,0,34,0L435.28,133.32,471,169c15,15,41,4.5,41-17V24A24,24,0,0,0,488,0Z"/></svg>]( https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uG7a2_hkdaKQm5gKXRBFf6gcyoUBan2e69gL3ZKcwg8/edit?usp=sharing)

]

]

---

# References

- R for Data Science  
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M542.22 32.05c-54.8 3.11-163.72 14.43-230.96 55.59-4.64 2.84-7.27 7.89-7.27 13.17v363.87c0 11.55 12.63 18.85 23.28 13.49 69.18-34.82 169.23-44.32 218.7-46.92 16.89-.89 30.02-14.43 30.02-30.66V62.75c.01-17.71-15.35-31.74-33.77-30.7zM264.73 87.64C197.5 46.48 88.58 35.17 33.78 32.05 15.36 31.01 0 45.04 0 62.75V400.6c0 16.24 13.13 29.78 30.02 30.66 49.49 2.6 149.59 12.11 218.77 46.95 10.62 5.35 23.21-1.94 23.21-13.46V100.63c0-5.29-2.62-10.14-7.27-12.99z"/></svg> R4DS](https://r4ds.had.co.nz/)

- Data Carpentries  
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M542.22 32.05c-54.8 3.11-163.72 14.43-230.96 55.59-4.64 2.84-7.27 7.89-7.27 13.17v363.87c0 11.55 12.63 18.85 23.28 13.49 69.18-34.82 169.23-44.32 218.7-46.92 16.89-.89 30.02-14.43 30.02-30.66V62.75c.01-17.71-15.35-31.74-33.77-30.7zM264.73 87.64C197.5 46.48 88.58 35.17 33.78 32.05 15.36 31.01 0 45.04 0 62.75V400.6c0 16.24 13.13 29.78 30.02 30.66 49.49 2.6 149.59 12.11 218.77 46.95 10.62 5.35 23.21-1.94 23.21-13.46V100.63c0-5.29-2.62-10.14-7.27-12.99z"/></svg> Carpentries](https://datacarpentry.org/genomics-r-intro/00-introduction/index.html)

- From Zero to Shero by RLadies   
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 480 512" style="height:1em;width:0.94em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M186.1 328.7c0 20.9-10.9 55.1-36.7 55.1s-36.7-34.2-36.7-55.1 10.9-55.1 36.7-55.1 36.7 34.2 36.7 55.1zM480 278.2c0 31.9-3.2 65.7-17.5 95-37.9 76.6-142.1 74.8-216.7 74.8-75.8 0-186.2 2.7-225.6-74.8-14.6-29-20.2-63.1-20.2-95 0-41.9 13.9-81.5 41.5-113.6-5.2-15.8-7.7-32.4-7.7-48.8 0-21.5 4.9-32.3 14.6-51.8 45.3 0 74.3 9 108.8 36 29-6.9 58.8-10 88.7-10 27 0 54.2 2.9 80.4 9.2 34-26.7 63-35.2 107.8-35.2 9.8 19.5 14.6 30.3 14.6 51.8 0 16.4-2.6 32.7-7.7 48.2 27.5 32.4 39 72.3 39 114.2zm-64.3 50.5c0-43.9-26.7-82.6-73.5-82.6-18.9 0-37 3.4-56 6-14.9 2.3-29.8 3.2-45.1 3.2-15.2 0-30.1-.9-45.1-3.2-18.7-2.6-37-6-56-6-46.8 0-73.5 38.7-73.5 82.6 0 87.8 80.4 101.3 150.4 101.3h48.2c70.3 0 150.6-13.4 150.6-101.3zm-82.6-55.1c-25.8 0-36.7 34.2-36.7 55.1s10.9 55.1 36.7 55.1 36.7-34.2 36.7-55.1-10.9-55.1-36.7-55.1z"/></svg> Zero to Hero](https://github.com/rladies/meetup-presentations_freiburg)

- Images from  
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M48 32C21.5 32 0 53.5 0 80v352c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h416c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V80c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48zm0 32h106c3.3 0 6 2.7 6 6v20c0 3.3-2.7 6-6 6H38c-3.3 0-6-2.7-6-6V80c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16zm426 96H38c-3.3 0-6-2.7-6-6v-36c0-3.3 2.7-6 6-6h138l30.2-45.3c1.1-1.7 3-2.7 5-2.7H464c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16v74c0 3.3-2.7 6-6 6zM256 424c-66.2 0-120-53.8-120-120s53.8-120 120-120 120 53.8 120 120-53.8 120-120 120zm0-208c-48.5 0-88 39.5-88 88s39.5 88 88 88 88-39.5 88-88-39.5-88-88-88zm-48 104c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16 0-35.3 28.7-64 64-64 8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16c-17.6 0-32 14.4-32 32 0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16z"/></svg> Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/)  
[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/></svg> Allison horst](https://twitter.com/allison_horst?lang=es)

- Other resources  
[YaRrr](https://bookdown.org/ndphillips/YaRrr/the-four-rstudio-windows.html)<br>
[Data structure](https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-inflammation/13-supp-data-structures/)<br>
[Assignment operators](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1741820/what-are-the-differences-between-and-assignment-operators-in-r)<br>[R inferno](https://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/R_inferno.pdf)<br>
[Why they are not the same](https://www.roelpeters.be/the-difference-between-arrow-and-equals-assignment-in-r/)<br>
[TidyTuesday](https://github.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday)

---

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# Lets begging!

---

# 1. Install R

First time installing R

To install R and Rstudio you can visit the page [posit <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M432,320H400a16,16,0,0,0-16,16V448H64V128H208a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V80a16,16,0,0,0-16-16H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,112V464a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V336A16,16,0,0,0,432,320ZM488,0h-128c-21.37,0-32.05,25.91-17,41l35.73,35.73L135,320.37a24,24,0,0,0,0,34L157.67,377a24,24,0,0,0,34,0L435.28,133.32,471,169c15,15,41,4.5,41-17V24A24,24,0,0,0,488,0Z"/></svg> ](https://posit.co/download/rstudio-desktop/)

---

## First time installing R

Once you click download and install R, you will find several links.

If you are the first time installing you likely need to choose the first link.

---

## Update R

If you already have R and R-Studio

Check which version of R you are using:

```r
sessionInfo()
```

To see if you need to update you can use:

```r
install.packages("installr")
library(installr)
updateR()
```

**Do you need an update?**
  
<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/003UpdateR.png?raw=true" height="120" />

---

## Update R

If you opt to update R, one way to do it is going to the [installation page <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M432,320H400a16,16,0,0,0-16,16V448H64V128H208a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V80a16,16,0,0,0-16-16H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,112V464a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V336A16,16,0,0,0,432,320ZM488,0h-128c-21.37,0-32.05,25.91-17,41l35.73,35.73L135,320.37a24,24,0,0,0,0,34L157.67,377a24,24,0,0,0,34,0L435.28,133.32,471,169c15,15,41,4.5,41-17V24A24,24,0,0,0,488,0Z"/></svg>](https://www.r-project.org/)

You will likely select >4.3 (in 2023)

---

## Update R

If you decide to update your R, its better to do it in the Rgui and not R-Studio

.pull-left[
Open Rgui
<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/005UpdateR.png?raw=true" height="150" />

Once in the Rgui, write updateR()

<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/006UpdateR.png?raw=true" height="180" />
]

]

---

## Update R

Select YES if you already had R packages installed in your previous version, and do not want to install each package one by one again.

<br>

By March 2023 4.2.3 was the newest version of R.

**Did you notice the difference?**

---

## Update R-Studio

One thing is updating R and another one to update R-Studio

If you already have Rstudio and want to see if you need to update you can go to:

<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/010UpdateRStudio.png?raw=true" height="300" />
]
.pull-right[
Outdated

Up to date

<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/012UpdateR.png?raw=true" height="100" />
]

---

name:parts

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#  <span style=" font-weight: bold;    color: #e5e5e5 !important;border-radius: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: #003049 !important;" >Parts of R</span>

---

## 2. What is R?

R is a programming language developed for statistical analyses by the Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman (New Zealand) in 1996.

.center[
<img src="https://www.nature.com/news/polopoly_fs/7.22632.1418912921!/image/TB2.jpg_gen/derivatives/fullsize/TB2.jpg" height="300" />
  
[Sylvia Tippmann]("https://www.nature.com/articles/517109a")
]

---

## 2.2 Why  R?

- Its free

- A lot of tools

- Flexible data visualization

**For science, is reproducible**

- You can save all the steps you followed, making it verifiable

- Instead of clicking on buttons the instructions can be save in sequence, helping save time and reduce errors

]

- Has a learning curve

- It is like learning a new language

]

---

## 2.3. R vs RStudio.

What are the differences between R and RStudio?

**R** is the programming language.  
**RStudio** is an IDE:  Integrated Development Environment.

R is the engine and RStudio is the steering wheel  
<br>

]

---

## 2.4 Using R

First time opening RStudio looks like this:

To have a code editor:

Open:  
File > New File > Rscript

---

## 2.4. Using RStudio.

In the **source** section the code can be edited and saved.

---

## 2.4. Using RStudio.

To change the order of the panes, you can change the pane layout

Click on the squares >

Or in Tools> Global Options

select **Pane Layout**

<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/021PaneLayout.png?raw=true" height="300" />
]

Select your preferred order

<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/022PaneLayout.png?raw=true" height="300" />
]

---

## 2.4 Using RStudio

Testing the console

R is like a calculator

- Write in the console

```r
3*4
```

- Write in the editor

```r
3*4
```

In the editor: ctrl + enter

- Now write in the editor, dont forget to click ctrl+enter

```r
Result<-3*4
```

What happend in the **environment**?

---

## 2.5. Data types

Some data types:
- Numeric

```r
class(1.4)
```

```
[1] "numeric"
```

- Characters

```r
class("Miriam")
```

```
[1] "character"
```

---

## 2.5. Data types

Why if we use quotes ""?

```r
class("1")
```

```
[1] "character"
```

- Logical

```r
3 == 4
```

```
## [1] FALSE
```

```r
3 < 5
```

```
## [1] TRUE
```

There are many others, that would be relevant later on.

Source: [Data structures by the Carpentries](https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-inflammation/13-supp-data-structures/)

---

## 2.6. Data frame

Assign symbol

```r
<-
```

This symbol is frequently use, and is important that you find it in your keyboard as soon as possible.

- The equal **=**  might behave differently than the assign symbol <br>
See here: [Assignment operators](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1741820/what-are-the-differences-between-and-assignment-operators-in-r), [R inferno](https://www.burns-stat.com/pages/Tutor/R_inferno.pdf), [Why they are not the same](https://www.roelpeters.be/the-difference-between-arrow-and-equals-assignment-in-r/)

.center[
<img src="https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro/blob/master/Images/024Assign.jpg?raw=true" height="200" />
]

---

## 2.6. Data frame

Lets use the arrow symbol.

```r
Names<-c("Miriam","Jette","Kai","Nele","Jana","Kristin","Karena","Nico","Philipp","Mads")
class(Names)
```

```
## [1] "character"
```

```r
Names<-as.data.frame(Names)
class(Names)
```

```
## [1] "data.frame"
```

Now in the **environment** click twice and look at your data frame.

---

## 2.6. Data frame

Assign vectors to a column or check a column contents

The symbol $ is in R

```r
$
```

Lets create a new column

```r
Names$LastName<-c("G","A","T","D","L","S","H",NA,"M","L")
```

```r
head(Names,5)
```

```
   Names LastName
1 Miriam        G
2  Jette        A
3    Kai        T
4   Nele        D
5   Jana        L
```

---

## 2.7. Force classes

Force column type

```r
my_number<-'1'
```

```r
class(my_number)
```

```
## [1] "character"
```

```r
my_number<-as.numeric(my_number)
```

```r
class(my_number)
```

```
## [1] "numeric"
```

---

## 2.7. Force classes

Our favorite class

```r
my_timestamp<-'2015-06-12 05:00:00'
```

```r
class(my_timestamp)
```

```
## [1] "character"
```

```r
my_timestamp <- as.POSIXct(strptime(my_timestamp, "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S "), "GMT")
```

```r
class(my_timestamp)
```

```
## [1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt"
```

Timestamp should be a "POSIXct" "POSIXt" for R to understand the are date and time

---

## 2.8. Code editor

To add text in the **editor** we use the symbol **#** (hashtag)

```r
#Here you created a data frame with names, but there is NA
```

R will ignore the text that has a # but these are very important for us to make annotations.

It is a **good practice** to write comments. Either for us to share the script, or for you to remember what you were doing.

This is specially important if you get corrections, or if you want to repeat the analyses.

---
name:errors
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# Errors

---

## 2.9. Type of errors

Errors are part of life.

R very often is trying to tell us how to solve the error.

- For example:

```r
3 = 4
```
Error in 3 = 4 :left-hand side to assignment (do_set)

Other messages that might be red or orange are:
- Warnings, I will do it, but Im not responsible of what you are doing.
- Messages, hey I just want to let you know this happend.

---

## 2.9. The most common errors

Whats going on here

Remove the # and find the error.

```r
#c("Miriam","Bety","Angel","Denise""Pamela")
```

- Missing a comma

```r
#c("Alvaro","Gabriela","Juan",,"Lisset")
```

- Too many commas

```r
#c("Majo","Irma","Paulina"
```

- Missing a parenthesis

```r
#c("Majo","Irma,"Paulina")
```

- Missing a quote (")

---

## 2.9. Debugging bingo

Source: Dr. Ji Son

---

## 2.10. Name consistency

Many errors are going to be marked by a red x in the **code editor**.

But many will not.

What is wrong with these?

```r
#name
```
--

-  If our goal is to use of data frame from the environment it needs to be written exactly the same **Names**.

To reduce this source of error, is important to be consitent on how we name the objects.

Some considerations are:

- R will not take objects that start with a number (Eg."1Names").  
- But the number can be at the end of the name (Eg."Names1").

- Try to be consistent 
E.g. ("my_names").  
E.g. ("my.names").

---

# Pause

- Open RStudio <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M497.9 142.1l-46.1 46.1c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-111-111c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l46.1-46.1c18.7-18.7 49.1-18.7 67.9 0l60.1 60.1c18.8 18.7 18.8 49.1 0 67.9zM284.2 99.8L21.6 362.4.4 483.9c-2.9 16.4 11.4 30.6 27.8 27.8l121.5-21.3 262.6-262.6c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.3 0-17l-111-111c-4.8-4.7-12.4-4.7-17.1 0zM124.1 339.9c-5.5-5.5-5.5-14.3 0-19.8l154-154c5.5-5.5 14.3-5.5 19.8 0s5.5 14.3 0 19.8l-154 154c-5.5 5.5-14.3 5.5-19.8 0zM88 424h48v36.3l-64.5 11.3-31.1-31.1L51.7 376H88v48z"/></svg><br>
- Write something in the console<br>
- Create a data frame with characters and numbers<br>

.pull-left[
Until here:
- [Index](#index)
- [What is R](#r-story)
- [RStudio and identify the parts](#r-parts)
- [Data types](#data-types)
- [Errors](#errors)
]

]

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# <span style=" font-weight: bold;    color: #e5e5e5 !important;border-radius: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: #003049 !important;" >Packages</span>

---

## 3.1. Packages

- Packages are a collection of functions
- Packages are installed one time, but need to be loaded every time you need them.

An analogy is that install.packages() is downloading an app, and library() is like opening the app every time you want to use it.

To install packages using the **workspace**

Go to Packages>Install and write tha name of the package

---

## 3.1. Packages

- To install in the **console** write: install.packages("").  
To load a package: library("").

Some packages that we will use:

```r
install.packages("cowsay")
install.packages("here")
install.packages("tidyverse")
```

🕙 Tidyverse is a compilation of packages, this one might take some time.

Note: It probably will give us a warning, remember that a warning might be just information. In this case is telling us what the package contains.

---

## 3.1. Packages

```r
say(what = "Now you can download packages!", by = "cat")
```

nothing happend?
We should load the library first.

---

## 3.1. Packages

```r
library("cowsay")
say(what = "Now you can download packages!", by = "cat")
```

```

-------------- 
Now you can download packages! 
 --------------
    \
      \
        \
            |\___/|
          ==) ^Y^ (==
            \  ^  /
             )=*=(
            /     \
            |     |
           /| | | |\
           \| | |_|/\
      jgs  //_// ___/
               \_)
  
```

---

## 3.2. Directories

Where are my files?.

By hand: Click on the **workspace** > Files > More > Set As Working directory

This is practical, but needs to be done every time that we enter R and therefore be time consuming.

---

## 3.2. Directories

Where I am working?

```r
getwd()
```

```r
setwd("paste your directory name here")
```

Note, that you will need to copy and paste the directory.

If you share your script or are working in another computer, everyone will have different directories.

---

## 3.2. Directories

Where I am?

```r
install.packages('here')
```

```r
library(here)
```

```r
here()
```

Advantages:
- **here** allows to use the folder where we saved the script
- You can share your script and your collaborators dont need to copy and paste their directory
- If the folder name is changed or the folder is change from place it would still work

---

# Pause

- Open RStudio <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M497.9 142.1l-46.1 46.1c-4.7 4.7-12.3 4.7-17 0l-111-111c-4.7-4.7-4.7-12.3 0-17l46.1-46.1c18.7-18.7 49.1-18.7 67.9 0l60.1 60.1c18.8 18.7 18.8 49.1 0 67.9zM284.2 99.8L21.6 362.4.4 483.9c-2.9 16.4 11.4 30.6 27.8 27.8l121.5-21.3 262.6-262.6c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.3 0-17l-111-111c-4.8-4.7-12.4-4.7-17.1 0zM124.1 339.9c-5.5-5.5-5.5-14.3 0-19.8l154-154c5.5-5.5 14.3-5.5 19.8 0s5.5 14.3 0 19.8l-154 154c-5.5 5.5-14.3 5.5-19.8 0zM88 424h48v36.3l-64.5 11.3-31.1-31.1L51.7 376H88v48z"/></svg><br>
- Install and load packages<br>
- Check your directory<br>

Make comments or suggestions [here <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M432,320H400a16,16,0,0,0-16,16V448H64V128H208a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V80a16,16,0,0,0-16-16H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,112V464a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V336A16,16,0,0,0,432,320ZM488,0h-128c-21.37,0-32.05,25.91-17,41l35.73,35.73L135,320.37a24,24,0,0,0,0,34L157.67,377a24,24,0,0,0,34,0L435.28,133.32,471,169c15,15,41,4.5,41-17V24A24,24,0,0,0,488,0Z"/></svg>]( https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uG7a2_hkdaKQm5gKXRBFf6gcyoUBan2e69gL3ZKcwg8/edit?usp=sharing)

.pull-left[
Until here:
- [Index](#index)
- [What is R](r-story)
- [RStudio and identify the parts](r-parts)
- [Data types](data-types)
- [Errors](errors)
- [Packages](packages)
- [Directories](directories)
]

---

name: out
class:inverse
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background-size: cover

# Back to
- [Index](#index)
- [What is R](#r-story)
- [RStudio and identify the parts](#r-parts)
- [Data types](#data-types)
- [Errors](#errors)
- [Packages](#packages)
- [Directories](#directories)

This materials are free of use <br> Download the presentation here: [<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M432,320H400a16,16,0,0,0-16,16V448H64V128H208a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V80a16,16,0,0,0-16-16H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,112V464a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V336A16,16,0,0,0,432,320ZM488,0h-128c-21.37,0-32.05,25.91-17,41l35.73,35.73L135,320.37a24,24,0,0,0,0,34L157.67,377a24,24,0,0,0,34,0L435.28,133.32,471,169c15,15,41,4.5,41-17V24A24,24,0,0,0,488,0Z"/></svg>github](https://github.com/MiriamLL/R_intro) and  [<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#f2cc8f;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M432,320H400a16,16,0,0,0-16,16V448H64V128H208a16,16,0,0,0,16-16V80a16,16,0,0,0-16-16H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,112V464a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V336A16,16,0,0,0,432,320ZM488,0h-128c-21.37,0-32.05,25.91-17,41l35.73,35.73L135,320.37a24,24,0,0,0,0,34L157.67,377a24,24,0,0,0,34,0L435.28,133.32,471,169c15,15,41,4.5,41-17V24A24,24,0,0,0,488,0Z"/></svg>webpage](https://www.miriam-lerma.com/posts/2023-04-18-intro-to-r/)
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